Mitral Stenosis - The typical auscultatory features of mitral stenosis are a loud S1, early opening snap (OS) of the mitral valve soon after S2, a low-pitched mid-diastolic murmur (MDM) or "rumble" and pre-systolic accentuation (PSA). The murmur is best heard with the patient lying in the left lateral position, using the stethoscope in the Bell mode.

Contributed by Dr. Darryl A Smith FCP (SA) Cardiology.